I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: 27 questions will be on the test. You will answer 25
II. ESSAY: The following Essay question and documents will be provided to you. You may not bring other material to the exam:
We
started this course by discussing the following theme as it relates to ancient
civilization:
The
key commonality between humans 15,000 years ago and now—and a key theme of this
course--is that humans, in general, strive for connectedness. They may gain
this through food or sex, gods or war, by belonging through cultural
citizenship or national identity, or through music, painting, and architecture;
in all these ways, people strive to connect.
Considering what
you have learned in the course so far AND the following documents, how has the
theme developed thus far?
DOCUMENT A:
Excerpt from the Hippocratic Oath, around
400 BCE
I will follow that [treatment] which,
according to my ability and judgment, I will consider for the benefit of my
patients, and abstain from whatever is [harmful]. I will give no deadly
medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such [advice]…
DOCUMENT B:
Quote from Aristotle.
“Since human reason is the most godlike part
of human nature, a life guided by human reason is superior to any other…For
man, this is the life of reason, since the faculty of reason is the
distinguishing characteristic of human beings”
DOCUMENT C:
Pericles Funeral Oration, 430 BCE
“Our plan of government favors the many
instead of the few: that is why it is called a democracy…As for social
standing, advancement is open to everyone, according to ability. While every
citizen has equal opportunity to serve the public, we reward our most
distinguished citizens by asking them to make our political decisions. Nor do
we discriminate against the poor. A man may serve his country no matter how low
his position on the social scale.
DOCUMENT D: Krishna, in the Bhagavat Gita, to the
warrior Arjuna
“Having
regard to your own duty also, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing
better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle.”
DOCUMENT E:
Quote from King Ashoka
“Here
(in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice.
Nor should festivals be held… Formerly, in the kitchen of Beloved-of-the-Gods,
hundreds of thousands of animals were killed every day to make curry. But now
with the writing of this Dhamma edict only three creatures, two peacocks and a
deer are killed, and the deer not always. And in time, not even these three
creatures will be killed… To do good is difficult. One who does good first does
something hard to do. I have done many good deeds, and, if my sons, grandsons
and their descendants up to the end of the world act in like manner, they too
will do much good. But whoever amongst them neglects this, they will do evil.
Truly, it is easy to do evil.”
DOCUMENT F: Excerpt
of Code of Hammurabi
“If
a man has caused either a palace slave or palace maid, or a slave of a poor man
or a poor man's maid, to go out of the gate, he shall be put to death.”
“If
a man has stolen the goods of a temple or palace, that man shall be killed, and
he who has received the stolen thing from his hand shall be put to death.”
“If
a man, in a case pending judgment, has uttered threats against the witnesses,
or has not justified the word that he has spoken, if that case be a capital
suit, that man shall be put to death.”
DOCUMENT G:
Excerpt from Egyptian Book of the Dead, 1550-1064 B.C.E.
“Homage
to thee, Oh great God, thou Lord of Truth and Justice, I have come to thee, Oh
powerful Lord.
I
have brought myself hither that I may behold thy radiant beauty! I know thee
and I know thy magic name and I know the names of the two and forty divinities
who surround thee in this vast hall of Truth and Justice, who live as warders
of sinners and who feed upon their blood on the day when the sins of men are
taken into account in the presence of Osiris.
The
two Goddesses, twin sisters with two eyes, Lord of the Order of the universe is
thy name.
Behold,
that I have brought in my heart Truth and Justice to thee, since I have
destroyed all wickedness from it, for thee.
I
have not done evil to mankind. I have not oppressed the members of my family.
I
have not brought injustice in the place of Justice. I have had no knowledge of
worthless men. I have not wrought evil.
I
have not made to be the first consideration of each day that excessive labor
should be performed for me. I have not brought forward my name for exaltation
to honours. I have not ill-treated servants. I have not thought scorn of Gods.
I have not defrauded the oppressed one of his
property.”
DOCUMENT H: Excerpt from Gospel of Matthew, 70-100 C.E.
"Blessed are the
poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they who
mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they shall
inherit the earth. Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for
they shall be satisfied. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.
Blessed are the pure of heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the
peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God.
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